Cracking Your Calorie Code
Research Studies Bibliography
Westcott WL, Winett RA,
Anderson ES, Wojcik JR, Loud RL, Cleggett E, Glover S.
Effects of regular and slow
speed resistance training on muscle strength.
J Sports Med Phys Fitness.
2001. Jun;41(2):154-8.
Hass, C.J. et al.
Single
vs. Multiple Sets in long-term recreational weightlifters.
Medicine
and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2000.
32:235-242.
Shrier, I.
Stretching
before exercise does not reduce the risk of local muscle injury: a critical
review of the clinical and basic scientific literature.
Clinical Journal of Sports
Medicine. 1999. 9: 221-227.
Thrash, K, et al.
Flexibility
and strength training.
J Applied Sports Science
Research. 1987. 1:74-75.
Kokkonen, J., et al.
Acute
muscle stretching inhibits maximal strength performance.
Research quarterly for
Exercise and Sport. 1998. 69:411-415.
Evetovich, T.K. et al.
Effect of static stretching
of the biceps brachii on torque, electromyography, and mechanomyography during
concentric isokinetic muscle actions.
J Str. Cond. Res. 2003.
17:484-88.
De Vries, H.A.
Physiology of Exercise for
PE and Athletics.
Dubuque
,
IA
: Brown. 1974.
Beedle, B., et al.
Flexibility
characteristics among athletes who weight train.
J Applied Sports Science
Research. 1991. 5:150-154.
Campell WW, Barton, ML, Cyr-Campell
D, et al.
Effects
of an omnivorous diet compared with a lacto-vegetarian diet on resistance
training-induced changes in body composition and skeletal muscle in older men.
American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition 1999; 70:1032-1039.
Flynn, M.G., et al.
Fat
storage in athletes: metabolic and hormonal responses to swimming and running.
Int J Sports Med. 1990.
11:433-440.
Gwinup, G.
Weight
loss w/o dietary restriction: efficacy of
different forms of aerobic exercise.
Amer J Sports Med. 1987.
15:275-279.
Sheldahl, L.M,. et al.
Effects
of exercise in cool water on bodyweight loss.
Int J Obesity. 1982.
6:29-42.
Brenner, B.M., et al.
Dietary
protein intake and the progressive nature of kidney disease: the role of
hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury in the pathogenesis of progressive
glomelular sclerosis in aging, renal ablation and intrinsic renal disease.
New Eng J Med. 1982. 307:
652-659.
Adv Exp Med Biol.
2003;538:563-70
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003
Jun;35(6):1042-8.
Acta Physiol Scand. 2003
Jun;178(2):165-73.
Appl Physiol. 2003
Sep;95(3):1045-54. Epub 2003
J Sports Sci. 2002
Dec;20(12):951-9.
National cancer
institute/City Univ. of NY.
Balanced
dieters 31% less likely to die and 20% lower risk of stroke, cancer and heart
disease than those on “shunning” diets like Atkins, etc.
J of Amer Med assoc. Apr.
26, 2000.
Journal of Applied
Physiology (2):386-392, 2000
Univ.
of
Texas
study cited in Nov. 2000 issue of Ironman Mag.
Can J Appl Physiol.
Dec;20(4):480-6. 1995 .
Am J Physiol.
268(3):E514-520.
Flakoll, L.J. (2000). Faseb
J. 14:A229.
Am J Physiol, 273(1 Pt
1):E122-9 1997
J Appl Physiol. 2000
Dec;25(6):524-35
Annals of Nutrition and
Metabolism, Jan. 2000.
Journal of Str. & Cond.
(13):47-51,1999
Exer. & Sport Science
Reviews 28(1):24-36, 2000.
Jour. of Str. & Cond.
Reas. (13):353-359-1999.
Safran, M.R., W.E. Garrett,
A.v. Seaber, R.R.
The role of warm up in
muscular injury prevention.
Amer. Jour. of Sp. Med.
16:123-129, 1988.
WD, JM Irion and M Briggler.
The effect of time and
frequency on static stretching on flexibility of the hamstring muscles.
Physical Therapy. 77 (10):
1090-1096, 1997.
I Shrier and K. Gossal.
Myths and Truths about
Stretching.
Phys. & Sportsmed. 28.8
(2000).
Whitehead, J.M., McNeill, G.
& Smith, J.S.
The effect of protein intake
on 24-hour energy expenditure during energy restriction.
Itl. Journ. Of Obesity &
Related Metabol. Disorders, 20, 727-732.
Achten, J, et. al.
The effect of pre-exercise
carbohydrate feedings on the intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation.
J Sports Sci. 2003 Dec;21(12):1017-24.
Minor changes
in a program prevents plateaus:
Neuromuscular adaptation to power and endurance work.
Can.
J. Appl. Sport Sci. 1:49-58. 1976.
Varying
methods promote equal muscle and tendon tissue adaptations and strength
improvements:
Effect of physical training on collagen.
Ital. J. Biochem. 24:64-65. 1975;
Effect of
eight weeks’ physical training on muscle and connective tissue:
J. Geron. 32 (1):33-37. 1977.
Amt. of force
applied: Regulation of bone mass by mechanical strain magnitude:
Calcif. Tissue Int. 37:411-417. 1985.
The influence of strain rate on adaptive bone
remodeling.
J. Biomech. 15(10):767-781. 1982
Regulation of bone formation by applied dynamic loads.
J. Bone Joint Surg. 66(3):397-402. 1984.
Journal or Internal Medicine, 2002; 5, 381-388.
JAMA. (1994) 28;272(24):1909-14
Human Bioenergetics and its applications.
Exercise Physiology.
New York
: Wiley. 1984
J. Appl. Sport Sci. Research. 5(1):22-34. 1991
Health and performance related adaptations to
resistive training.
Sports Med. 11(4):210-231.
1991.
Interference of strength devel. by simul. training for
strength & endur.
Eur. J Appl. Physiol. 45:255-263.1980.
Berger, R. (1972, August).
Strength & Health, pp.
44-45, 70-71.
Hickson RC, et. al.
Med Sci Sports Exerc.
1981;13(1):13-6
Journal of Applied Sport
Science Research. 5 (4): 219-227, 1991.
NSCA Journal 8 (3):52-53.
1986.
Ballor, DL. Et. al. Effect
of exercise to rest ratio on plasma lactate concentration at work rates above
and below maximum oxygen uptake.
Eur J Appl Physiol Occup
Physiol. 65(4):365-9. 1992.
Dr.
Kosich Seminar 8/13/00:
- TEE
of carbs incr. met. by 10%, but protein increases it by 25%. This also
confirmed by Dr. Colker of the Greenwich Diet (as printed in For Women
First, Sept. 2000).
- Stroke
volume hits max at about 40%V02 and therefore gives cardio improvements at
that (low) intensity.
- Minimum
duration is 15-20 min. sessions. Two 10 min. sessions in the same day is
almost as good!
- Epinephrine
encourages fat to be released into blood stream. HIT releases the most
epinephrine.
- Strength
training to failure has the same effect that cardio has on LDL.
- 95%
of dieters regain it in 2 years.
- Muscles
store about 1400 cal. of glucose, 320 in the liver, and 80 in the blood.
Untrained muscles store about 13g/kg, trained store 32 and carbo-loaded can
store 35-40 g/kg.
- For
every gram of glycogen that is stored, 3 grams of water have to accompany
it. Re-hydration is key after a workout to replenish used glycogen from the
high intensity workout! It can take up to two days to replenish this
glycogen.
- People
tend to underreport their intake by 400-500 calories (or 25%) per day.
- Steroids
lower HDL.
- Rapid
weight loss is always water loss.
- HR
formulas over-predict 20% of the population.
Stich, V. et al. (2000)
Adipose tissue lipolysis is
increased during a repeated bout of aerobic exercise.
J App Phys. 88:1277-1283.
Corder, K.P. Potteiger, J.A.,
Mau, K.L., et. al.
Effects of active and
passive recovery conditions on blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion and
performance during resistance exercise.
Journal of Strength and Cond.
Res. 14(2):1510156, 2000.
Exercisers
get 25% more improvement with a trainer than without in 12 weeks.
Med & Sci. in Sp. &
Exer. (6):1,175,2000.
Poortmans, J.R., et. al.
(2000).
Do regular high protein
diets have potential health risks on kidney function in athletes?
Int. J. Sport Nut. Ex. Metab.
10:28-38.
Bossco C, et al. (2000).
Monitoring strength
training: neuromuscular and hormonal profile.
Med. & Sci. in Sports
and Exer. 32:202-208.
Eliakam, A., et. al. (2000).
Effect of single wrist exer
on fribroblast growth factor 2, insulin-like growth factor and growth hormone.
Amer. J. Physiology. 279: R548-R553.
Preventing
sarcopenia (muscle loss) with age:
-Bortz
W.M J of Gerontology 56(9):M527-M528 Sept. 2001.
-Greenlund L.J. et, al. Mechanisms of Aging and Devel. 124(3):287-299, March 2003.
-
Hawkins
,
S.A.
et. Al. J of Gerontology, 58(11): 1009-1011, Nov. 2003.
-Roubenoff,
r. et. Al. J. of Geron. 55(12): M716-724, Dec. 2000.
-Harridge,
S.D. Scand. J of Med. 13(1): 34-39, Feb. 2003
-Pearson, S.J. et al. (2002). Med Sci Sp Exer. 34:199-1206.
-Ohio
Univ. Physiologists (http://www.ast-ss.com/research/breaking/sept00/b-r_9-28-00.asp)
-Akima,
H., et al. (2001). Muscle function in 164 men and women aged 20-84 years. (no
difference in strength and mass gains between age groups!
Medicine
and Sci. in Sport and Exer. 33:220-226.
Taylor, R.; Price, T.B. et.
al.
Direct measurement of change
in muscle glycogen concentration after a mixed meal in normal subjects. Am. J.
Physiology 265:E224-E229. 1993.
Flatt, J.P.: et. al.
Effects of dietary fat on
postprandial substrate oxidation and on carbohydrate and fat balances.
J. Clin. Invest.
76:1019-1024. 1985.
Bonnadonna, R.C: Groop,
L.C.: et. al.
Dose-dependent effects of
insulin on plasma free fatty acid turnover and oxidation in humans.
Am. J. Physiology
259:E736-E750. 1990.
Komi, P.V.
Training of muscle strength
and power: Interactions of neuromotoric, hypertrophic, and mechanincal factors.
Int. J. Sports Med. 7:10-15.
1986.
Dwyer, J.
Metabolic character of
exercise at traditional intensities in cardiac patients and healthy persons.
J. of Cardiopulmunary Rehab.
14:189-196, 1994.
Tanaka, H., et. al.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
37(1):153-6. 2001.
Dehart-Beverly, M., C.F.
Foster, J.P Portcari, D.C.W. Fater and R.P.M. Mikat.
Relationship between the
talk test and ventilatory threshold.
Clinical Exercise Physiology
2(1):34-38, 2000.
US
dept. of Health and Human Svs. Physical Activity
and Health: A report of the surgeon general.
Atlanta
,
Ga.
1996
Annesi, J.J.
Effects of computer feedback
on adheareance to exercise.
Perceptual and Motor Skills
87:723-730, 1998.
Dishman, R.K.
Exercise Adhearance: It’s
impact on public health.
Human Kinetics:
Champaign
Ill.
, 1988.
Svedenhag, J., J. Seger.
Runninig on land and in
water. Comparative exercise physiology.
Med. Sci. Sports Exer.
24(20):1155-1160. 1992.
Thompson, C.E., et al.
The
effect of perceived activity choice on exercise adherence
J. of applied Social
Psychology 10:436-443, 1980.
Stone, M., and H. O’Bryant.
Weight Training: A
Scientific Approach.
Minneapolis
: Burgess International. 1987.
Staron, R.S., et. al.
Strength and skeletal muscle
adaptations in resistance trained women after detraining and training.
J. Appl. Physiol.
70:631-640. 1991.
Bridges, C.R., B.J. et.
al.
Skeletal muscle
bioenergetics during frequency-dependent fatigue.
Amer. J. Physiol.
29:C643-C651. 1991.
Tabata I, et. al.
Effect of moderate-intensity
endurance and high intensity intermittent training an anaerobic capacity sand
VO2 max.
Med. Sci. Sports Exer.
28:1327-1330. 1996.
Craig, B.W., J. Lucas,
et. al.
The effect of running,
weightlifting and a combination of both on growth hormone release.
J. Appl. Sport Sci. Res.
5(4):198-203. 1991.
Willoughby
, D.
The effects of mesocycle-length
weight training programs involving periodization and partially equated volumes
on upper and lower body strength.
J. Strength and Cond. Res.
7(1):2-8. 1993.
MacDougall J.D.
Muscle performance and
enzymatic adaptations to sprint interval training.
J of Appl. Pys. 84:
2138-2142. 1998.
Weiss, L.
The obtuse nature of
muscular strength: The contribution of rest to its development and expression.
J. Appl. Sports Sci. Res.
5(4):219-227. 1991.
Corder, K.P. Potteiger, J.A., Mau, K.L., et. al.
Effects of active and
passive recovery conditions on blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion and
performance during resistance exercise.
Journal of Strength and Cond.
Res. 14(2):1510156, 2000.
Dan Cherkin, et. al.
Archives of Internal Med.
2001.
Sinnett, Aaron, et al.
The relationship Between
Field tests of Anaerobic Power and 10-km Run Performance.
J. of Str. & Cond. Res.
Vol 15, #4, 405-412, 2001.
Deschenes M et al.
Am J Phys Med Rehabil.
Nov;81(11 Suppl):S3-16. 2002.
AlMulla, N, et al. (2000)
Postexercise adipose tissue
skeletal muscle lipid metabolism in humans: the effects of exercise intensity. J
Physiol. 524:919-928.
Havel, RJ et al. (1967)
J Appl Physiol. 23(1):90-9.
Horowitz, J., et al.
Bursts
aid in increasing blood flow to fat and muscle tissue, promoting the release of
fatty acids.
Am J Clin Nutr.
72(2suppl):558s-63s, 2000.:
Phelain
J, et. al.
Post
exercise metabolism increase compared among different intensity levels.
J Am Coll Nutr.
Apr;16(2):140-6. 1997.
King,
J., et al.
Med
& Sci. in Sp & Exer. 33:2421. 2001.
Acheson K.J. et al.
Glycogen synthesis vs.
lipogenesis after a 500 g carb meal in man.
Metabolism. 31:1234-1240.
Flatt, J.P. et al. (1985).
Effects of dietary fat on
postprandial substrate oxidation and on carb/fat balances.
J. Clin. Invest.
76:1019-1024.
Mikkelson, P.B. et al.
Effect of fat-reduced diets
on 24 hour energy expenditure.
Am J. Clin Nutr. 72:1135-41.
Skov, A.R. et al.
A randomized rtial of
protein vs. carb in ad libitum fat-reduced diet for the treatment of obesity.
Int. J. Obesity. 23:528-36.
Neural adaptations to
resistance training. Med. Sci Sports Exer. (1988) 29suppl): 135-145.
Fabry, P., et al.
The frequency of meals: its
relation to hypercholesterolemia and decreased glucose tolerance.
Lancet, 1964; 2: 614-615.
Jenkins, D. J. A.,Wolever,
T.MS., Vuksan, V., et al.
Nibbling Versus Gorging:
Metabolic Advantages of Increased Meal Frequency.
New England
Journal Of Medicine, 321: 929-934. 1989
McGrath
,
S.A.
and Gibney, M.J.
The Effects of Altered
Frequency of Eating on Plasma Lipids in Free-living Healthy Males on
Normal
Self-selected Diets.
Euro J Of Clinical
Nutrition, June (6): 402-7. 1994
International Journal Of Obesity & Related
Metabolic Disorders, 23 (11): 1151-9. 1999.
Scandinavian Journal Of Medicine & Science In
Sports 1998 6 (5):265-72.
Titan, S.M.O., Bingham, S., Welch, A., Luben, R, etc
al.
Frequency of Eating and Concentrations of Serum
Cholesterol in the
Norfolk
Population of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer: Cross
Sectional Study.
British Medical Journal December 1, 2001; 323:1286
Hass, C.J. et al.
Single vs. multi sets in
long term recreational wt.lifters.
Med. Sci. Sport and Exer.
31:235-242. 1999.
Keeler, L.K., et.al(2001) J.
Str. Cond. Res. 15:309-14.
Moyna N., et. al.
Med. Sci. Sport and Exer.
33(8):1404-10, 2001.
University
of
Buffalo
, J. of Nutr. Biochemistry. (http://www.ast-ss.com/research/breaking/b-r_2-23-99.asp)
Keast, D., Arstein, D., et al.
Depression of plasma glutamine concentration after exercise stress
and its possible influence on the immune system.
Med J
Aust,
162: 15-8, 1995. 2.
MacLennan, P.A., Smith, K., et al.
Inhibition of protein breakdown by glutamine in perfused rat
skeletal muscle.
FEBS Lett, 257: 133-36, 1988. 3.
Welbourne,
T.C.
Increased plasma bicarbonate and growth hormone after an oral
glutamine load.
Am J Clin Nutr,
61: 1058-61, 1995. 4.
Welbourne, T.C., & Joshi, S.
Interorgan glutamine metabolism during acidosis.
Jnl Parent Ent Nutr,
14: 775-855, 1990. 5.
Rudman, D., Kutner, M.H., et al.
Impaired growth hormone secretion in the adult population: Relation
to age and adiposity.
J Clin Invest,
67: 1361-69, 1981. 6.
Opara, E.C., Petro A., et al.
L-glutamine supplementation of a high fat diet reduces body weight
and attenuates hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in C57BL/6J mice.
J Nutr, 126: 273-79, 1996.
Vincent
KR, Braith RW.
Resistance
exercise and bone turnover in elderly men and women.
Medicine
and Science in Sports and Exercise 2002:34(1), pp. 17-23.
Canadian
Exercise Physiologists presentation at the annual meeting of the Canadian
Society of Exercise Physiology, held in
Quebec
, Nov. 2001.
Tremblay,
A., J. Simoneau, and C. Bouchard.
Impact
of Exercise Intensity on Body Fatness and Skeletal Muscle Metabolism.
Metabolism. 43(7):814-818. 1994.
Brouns,
F.
Nutritional
needs of athletes: 37-47.
New York
: John Wiley & Sons, 1993.
Tarnopolsky,
et al.
Influence
of protein intake and training status on nitrogen balance and lean mass.
J. of
Appl. Physiol. 64: 187-193, 1988.
N.L.
Hickson, J.F. et. al.
Urinary
nitrogen excretion as influenced by a muscle-building exercise program and
protein intake variation
Nutritional
Reports Itl’ 19:795-805, 1979.
Lemon, P.W.R.
Do
athletes need more dietary protein and amino acids?
Int’
J. of Sp. Med. 5: S39-S61, 1995.
Rasmussen RB, et al.
Contractile
and nutritional regulation of human muscle growth.
Exerc
Sp. Sci. Rev. 31:127-131, 2003
Rennie
MJ et al.
Control
of the size of the human muscle mass.
Ann.
Rev. physiol 66:799-828, 2004
Spriet
LL, Gibala MJ
Nutritional
strategies to influence adaptations to training.
J.
sp. Sci 22:127-141, 2004
Tipton KD, Wolfe RR,
Protein
and amino acids for athletes.
J.
Sp. Sci. 22:65-79, 2004
Volek
JS,
Influence
of nutrition on responses to resistance training.
Med. Sci. Sports Exer. 36:689-696, 2004.
Johnston CS, Day CS, Swan PD.
Postprandial thermogenesis is increased 100% on a high-protein,
low-fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in healthy, young women.
Am
Col
Nutr, 21 (1): 55-61 (2002)
Layman
DK, Boileau RA, Erickson DJ, Painter JE, Shiue H, Sather C, Christou DD.
A reduced ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein improves body
composition and blood lipid profiles during weight loss in adult women.
J
Nutr. 2003 Feb;133(2):411-7.
J.V.G.A.
Protein
requirements and physical activity
V.A
Parizkova, Pa.Llea & Febiger, 1988.
Kanaley,
J.A et al.
Cortisol
and growth hormone responses to exercise at different times of day.
J
Clin Endocrinol Metab. 86:2881-2889.
Jacks
DE, Sowash J, Anning J, McGloughlin T, Andres F.
Effect
of exercise at 3 diff. intensities on salivary cortisol.
J
Strength Cond Res. 2002 May;16(2):286-9.
Busso,
T. et al.
Fatigue
and fitness modeled from the effects of training on performance.
Eur J
Appl. Physiol. 69:50-54.
Green,
H.J. et. al.
Mechanisms
of muscle fatigue in intense exercise.
J of
Sp Sci. 15: 247-256.
Van
Pelt, R.E., et al.
Age-related
decline in RMR in physically active men: relation to exercise volume and energy
intake.
Am J
Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 281:E633-E639.
Raastad,
T,. et al.
Changes
in human skeletal muscle contractility and hormone status during 2 wks. of heavy
strength training.
Eur J
appl Physiol. 84:54-63. and Smith, LL. Med Sci Sports Exer. Feb;32(2):317-31.
2000.
Sands, W., et al.
A kinematic comparison of
four abdominal training devices and a traditional abdominal crunch.
J of Strength and
Conditioning Research. 16:135-141
Gibala, M.J., et al.
Myofibrillar disruption
following acute concentric and eccentric resistance exercise in strength-trained
men.
Can J Physiol Pharmacol.
78:656-661.
Mclester J., et al.
Comparison of 1 day and 3
days/wk. of equal volume resistance training in experienced subjects.
J. Str. & Cond. Res.
14:273-281. 2000.
Dolezal B, et. al.
Muscle damage and resting
metabolic rate after acute resistance exercise with an eccentric overload.
Med Sci in Sp and Exer. 2000
7:1909-13.
Sjodin A. et. al.
The influence of physical
activity on BMR.
Med Sci in Sp and Exer. 1996
28:85-91.
Rhea, M.R. et. al.
A Comparison of linear and
daily undulating periodized programs with equated volume and intensity for
strength.
J Str. & Cond. Res.
16:250-255. [Ironman Nov. 2002, p. 35.
Stone,
et. al.,
Health
and performance related potential of resistance training.
Sports
Med. 11(4):210-231.
Achten,
JM., et. al.
Determination
of the exercise intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation.
Med
Sci in Sp and Exer. 34:92-97.
Int J
Sports Med. Nov;24(8):603-8. 2003.
Treuth,
M. et. al.
Effect
of exercise intensity on 24-hr energy expenditure and substrate oxidation.
Med
Sci Sports Exerc. 1996 Sep;28(9):1138-43.
Tremblay,
Et. Al.
Impact
of Exercise Intensity of Body Fatness and Skeletal Muscle Metabolism.
Metabolism.
43:814-818.
Pacheco-Sanchez,
et. al.
Effect
of dietary fat and two exercise protocols.
J.
Am. Col. Nutr. 13:601-607, 1994
Bryner,
R.W. et. al.
The
effects of exercise intensity on body composition wt. loss and dietary
composition in women.
J.
Am. Col. Nutr. 16:68-73, 1997.
Mc Millan, et. al.
20-hour
physiological responses to a single wt. training session.
J Str. Cond. Res. 7(3)9-21, 1993.
Schuenke
M. et. al.
Effect
of HIT of post exercise oxygen consumption implications for BM management
Eur J
Appl Physiol. 2002 Mar;86(5):411-7.
Rasmussen,
et. al.
Effect
of exercise intensity on skeletal muscle malonyl-CoA and Acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
J Appl. Physiol. 83:1104-1109, 1997.
Stackhouse
SK
, et al.
Challenging
the role of pH in skeletal muscle fatigue.
Phys Ther. 2001 Dec;81(12):1897-903
McLester JR
Muscle
contraction and fatigue. The role of adenosine 5'-diphosphate and inorganic
phosphate.
Jr. Sports Med.
1997 May;23(5):287-305
Kraemer,
et. al.
Influence
of exercise training on physiological and performance changes w/wt. loss in men.
Med Sci. Sp and Exer. 31:1320-1329, 1999
Ballor
D, et. al.
Resistance
weight training during caloric restriction enhances lean body weight
maintenance.
Amer.
J Clin. Nutr. 47:19-25, 1988.
Bucci
L.
Nutrients and Ergogenic aids for Sports and Exercise
CRC
Press,
Boca Raton
, 1993.
Wang W, Basinger A, Neese RA, Christiansen M, Hellerstein MK.
Effects of nicotinic acid on fatty acid kinetics,
fuel selection, and pathways of glucose production in women.
Am. J
Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 279:E50-E59.
Libonati,
J.R. et al.
Brief
muscle hypofusion/hyperemia:an ergogenic aid?
J Str
Cond Res 15:362-366. [Ironman April 2002 – p.40].
Elizabeth J.
Parks, Lauren E. Skokan, Maureen T. Timlin, Carlus S. Dingfelder
Dietary Sugars Stimulate Fatty Acid Synthesis in Adults
J.
Nutr. 138:1039-1046, June 2008
Takarada,
Y. Sato, Y. Ishii, N.
Effects
of resistance exercise training with vascular occlusion on muscular function in
athletes.
Euro.
J. of Appl. Physiol. 86(4):308-314, 2002.
Takarada,
Y. Sato, Y., et al.
Effects
of res. Exer. Combined w/moderate vascular occlusion on muscular function in
humans.
J. of
Appl. Physiol. 88(6):2097-2106, 2000.
Takarada,
Y., Nakamura, Y., Aruga, s., et al.
Rapid
increase in plasma growth hormone after low intensity res. exer. w/vascular
occlusion.
J. of
Appl. Physiol. 88:61-65, 2000.
Moore DR, Burgomaster KA, Schofield LM, Gibala MJ, Sale DG, Phillips SM.
Neuromuscular adaptations
in human muscle following low intensity resistance training with vascular
occlusion.
Eur
J Appl Physiol.
2004 Aug;92(4-5):399-406.
Warman,
G. et al.
The
effects of timing and application of vibration on muscular contractions.
Aviation,
Space and Envir. Med. 73(2): 119-127, 2002.
Issurin,
V., et al.
Acute
and residual effects of vibratory stimulation on explosive strength in elite and
amateur athletes. J of Sport Sci. in Sports and Exer. 17(3):177-182, 1999.
Torvinen,
S. et al.
Effect
of four-month verticle whole-body vibration on performance and balance.
Medicine
and Sci. in Sports and Exer. 34(9): 1,523-1,528, 2002
Bosco,
C. et al/
Hormonal
responses to whole-body vibration in men.
Euro.
J. of Appl. Physiol. 81:449-454, 2000.
Rittweger,
J. et al.
Treatment
of chronic lower-back pain w/lumbar extension and whole-body vibration exercise.
Spine
27:1,829-1,834, 2002.
Issurin VB, Tenenbaum G.
Ribstein
Centre for Research and Sport Medicine Sciences, Wingate Institute for Physical
Education and Sport,
Netanya
,
Israel
.
J
Sports Sci. 1999 Mar;17(3):177-82.
Antonio,
J., and Gonyea, W.J.
Skeletal
muscle fiber hyperplasia.
Med
and Sci. in Sport and Exer. 25:1333-45.
Tokmakidis,
et al.
The
Effects of Ibuprofen on DOMS and Muscular Performance after Eccentric Exercise.
J of
Str. & Cond. Res. 17(1), 53-59, AND
197-208 2003.
Matthew
R. Rhea, et al.
Comparison
of Linear and Daily Undulating Periodized Programs with equated Volume and
Intensity for local muscular endurance.
J of
Str. & Cond. Res. 17(1), 82-87, 2003.
Len
Kravitz et al.
1 RM estimate equations.
Prediction of 1 RM in H.S. Powerlifters.
J of
Str. & Cond. Res. 17(1), 167-172, 2003.
Anderson, R.A. et. Al.
Tea
enhances insulin activity.
J
Agric Food Chemistry. 50:7182-7186.
Smilios,
I. et al.
Hormonal
responses after various resistance exercise protocols.
Med
Sci Sp & Exer. 35:644-654.
Friedland,
R.P. et al.
Patients
with AD have reduced activities in midlife compared with healthy control group
members. Proceedings Natl Acad Sci. 98:3440-3445.
Achten,
J., et al.
Fat
oxidation rates are higher during running compared with cycling over a wide
range of intensities. Metabolism. 52:747-52.
Achten,
J., et al
Relation
between plasma lactate concentration and fat oxidation rates over a wide range
of exercise intensities.
Int J
Sports Med. 2004 Jan;25(1):32-7.
Leontowicz, H.
Comparative content of some bioactive compounds in apples, peaches and
pears and their influence on lipids and antioxidant capacity in rats.
J Nutr Biochem. 13:603-610.
Signorile,
J.E., et al.
A
comparative electromyographical investigation of muscle utilization patterns
using various hand postitions during the lat pulldown.
J Str. Cond. Res. 16:539-46.
Denzer,
C.M., et al.
The
effect of resistance exercise on the thermic effect of food. Int.
J.
Sports Nutr Exer Metabol. 13:396-402.
Ahtiainen,
J.P. et al.
Acute
Hormonal and neuromuscular responses and recovery to forced vs. maximum
repetitions w/multiple resistance exercises.
Int.
J Sports Med. 24:410-418
Morens,
C. et al.
Increasing
habitual protein intake accentuates differences in postprandial dietary nitrogen
utilization between protein sources in humans.
J Nutr. 133:2733-2740.
Boschmann
M, Steiniger J, Hille U, Tank J, Adams F, Sharma AM, Klaus S, Luft FC, Jordan J.
Water-induced
thermogenesis.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Dec;88(12):6015-9.
Altena
TS, Michaelson JL, Ball SD, Thomas TR.
Single sessions of intermittent and
continuous exercise and postprandial lipemia.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004 Aug;36(8):1364-71.
Tomlinson, B.E., et. al.
The number of limb motor neurons in the himan
lumbosacral cord throughout life.
J. Neurol. Sci. 34:213-219.1997. AND Brown, et
al., Motor nerve sprouting. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 4:17-42.1981.
Larsson, et al.
Effects of aging on the motor unit.
Prog. Neurobiol. 45:397-458. 1995.
Lexell, J.
Evidence for nervous system degeneration with advanced age.
J. Nutr.
127:1011S-1013S. 1997.
Layman, D.K., R.A. Boileau, D.J. Erickson, J.E.,
Painter, H. Shiue, C. Sather, and D.D. Christou. A reduced ratio of dietary
carbohydrate to protein improves body composition and blood lipid profiles
during weight loss in adult women. J. Nutr. 133:411-417. 2003.
Silvestre,
R., et al. A very low carb diet results in greater reductions in body weight,
whole bodyfat, and trunk fat than a lowfat diet in overweight subjects.
Presented at Experimental Biology, April 2004 in
Washington
,
DC
Increase
strength through mental tracing: presented at the annual mtg of society for
neuroscience conf in
san diego
,
CA
Nov. 2001.
Mentally
tracing errors may cause those errors: J. of Sp. & Exercise Physiol. 2001;23:200-221
Cooling
blood causes endurance and anaerobic training increases: Dennis Grahn, et al.
Stanford
U.
Speed
of contraction fatigues different fiber types specifically. Spendiff
O, Longford NT, Winter EM. Br
J Sports Med. 2002 Dec;36(6):431-5.
Stone, M.H. Natl. Str. Cond J.
15(3):7-15 1993.
Rutherford
, O.M. et al. Eur. J Appl. Phys. 55(1):100-105 1986.
Stone, M.H. et al. Athletic Training 11(3):158-160 1979.
Harris, G.R. et al. J Str.
Cond. Res 14(1):14-20 2000.
"Muscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness
have independent and joint inverse associations with metabolic syndrome
prevalence." Associations of muscle
strength and fitness with metabolic syndrome in men. Jurca R, Med Sci Sports
Exerc. 2004 Aug
Am J
Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005 Mar;288(3):R708-15. Epub 2004 Nov 24.
Ozolin, N.
How to improve
speed. In: Sprints and Relays.
J Jarver, ed.
Los Altos
,
CA
: TAFNEWS Press, 1978. pp.55-56
Jemiolo, B., and S. Trappe.
Single muscle fiber gene expression in human skeletal muscle: Variation of
internal control with exercise.
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 320:1043-1050.
2004 [June 2005 NSCA Journal p. 58].
Frontera, et. al J appl
Physiol. 88:1321-1326, 2000.
Huges, et al J. Gerontol. A.
Biol. Sci. Med Sci 56:B209-B217 2001
Lexell et al J. Gerontol. A.
Biol. Sci. Med Sci 50 (suppl):11-16 1995.
Mittendorfer, B., et al.
(2004) Excess bodyfat in men decreases plasma fatty acid availablility and
oxidation during exercise. Am J. Physiol. Endocrine Metab. 286:E354-62.
Wilmore, J.H. et al. Phys of
Sp and Exer. (3rd ed.). Human Kinetics 2004. pp. 186-191, 270-298.
Wilmore, J. H. et. al.
Respiratory regulation during exercise. In: Physiol. Of Sp. & Exer. 3rd
ed.
Champaign
IL
: Human Kinetics 2004. pp. 186-191, 270-298.
Jemino, B et. al. Single
Muscle Fiber Gene Expression in Human Skeletal Muscle: Variation of Internal
Control with Exercise. Biochem. Bio phys. Res. Commun. 320:1043-1050. 2004.
Journal
of Nutrition August 2005; 135 Medical
News Today August 29, 2005
American Journal of Cardiology,
2005; 95: 1080
Journal of Applied Physiology,
2005; 98: 1985
April 2002 issue of the Journal of
Gerontology: Biological Sciences. The Gerontological Society Of America
2002-05-14
Some Muscles Respond To Weight Training In
Just Two Weeks Ohio St.
Univ. 1998-07-28
Contact: Robert Staron, (740) 593-2409;
rstaron1@ohiou.edu Written by Kelli Whitlock, (740) 593-0383;
kwhitlock1@ohiou.edu. June issue of the European Journal of Applied Physiology
A Few 30 Second Sprints As
Beneficial As Hour Long Jog June
edition of the Journal of Applied Physiology 2002.
Exercise more critical than
calcium for adolescent bones. Penn St. College of medicine, June issue of J. of
Pediatrics 2005.
Exercise Combats Metabolic
Syndrome In Older Adults to
be published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine and available online
Dec. 30, 2005.
Martin, W.H. Effects of acute and
chronic exercise on fat metabolism Effect of training on Intramuscular
Triglyceride use. Exer. & Sp. Science rev. 7:223-225 1996.
Kanalay, J.A., Jensen, M.D. Fatty
acid kinetic responses to running above and below the lactic acid threshold. J.
Appl. Physiol. 79:439-447, 1995.
Romijn, J.A., Sidossis L.S.
Regulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism relationship to
exercise intensity and duration. Am. J. Physiol. 65 (endocrinol. metab. 28) :
E380E391,1993.
Sugar causes cancer:
(1) Warburg O. On the origin of cancer cells.
Science 1956 Feb;123:309-14.
(2) Volk T, et al. pH in human tumor
xenografts: effect of intravenous administration of glucose. Br J Cancer 1993
Sep;68(3):492-500.
(3) Digirolamo M. Diet and cancer: markers,
prevention and treatment.
New York
: Plenum Press; 1994. p 203.
(4). Leeper DB, et al. Effect of i.v. glucose
versus combined i.v. plus oral glucose on human tumor extracellular pH for
potential sensitization to thermoradiotherapy. Int J Hyperthermia 1998
May-Jun;14(3):257-69.
Hoff J, Gran A, Helgerud J. Scand
J Med Sci Sports. 2002 Oct;12(5):288-95.
Benson C, Docherty D, Brandenburg J. J
Sci Med Sport. 2006 Mar 29
Thomas C, Sirvent P, Perrey S, Raynaud E, Mercier J. J
Appl Physiol. 2004 Dec;97(6):2132-8. Epub 2004 Jun 18.
Aagaard P, Simonsen EB, Andersen JL, Magnusson P, Dyhre-Poulsen P. J
Appl Physiol. 2002 Jun;92(6):2309-18.
Roelants M, Verschueren SM, Delecluse C, Levin O, Stijnen V. J
Strength Cond Res. 2006 Feb;20(1):124-9.
Rittweger J, Mutschelknauss M, Felsenberg D. Clin
Physiol Funct Imaging. 2003 Mar;23(2):81-6.
Bosco C, Iacovelli M, Tsarpela O, Cardinale M, Bonifazi M, Tihanyi J, Viru M, De Lorenzo A, Viru A. Eur
J Appl Physiol. 2000 Apr;81(6):449-54.
Int
J Sports Med. 2002 Aug;23(6):428-32.
Oxygen uptake in whole-body vibration exercise: influence of vibration
frequency, amplitude, and external load.
Rittweger J, Ehrig J, Just K, Mutschelknauss M, Kirsch KA, Felsenberg D.
Institut fur Physiologie, Freie
Universitat
Berlin
,
14195
Berlin
,
Germany
. ritmus@zedat.fu-berlin.de
Yamada E, Kusaka T, Miyamoto K, Tanaka S, Morita S, Tanaka S, Tsuji S, Mori S, Norimatsu H, Itoh S. Clin
Physiol Funct Imaging. 2005 Jul;25(4):203-8.
Delecluse C, Roelants M, Verschueren S. Med
Sci Sports Exerc. 2003 Jun;35(6):1033-41.
Nosaka K, Newton M. Med
Sci Sports Exerc. 2002 Jan;34(1):63-9.
Hagerman FC, Walsh SJ, Staron RS, Hikida RS, Gilders RM, Murray TF, Toma K, Ragg KE. J
Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 Jul;55(7):B336-46.
Kvorning T, Bagger M, Caserotti P, Madsen K. Eur
J Appl Physiol. 2006 Mar;96(5):615-25. Epub 2006 Feb 16.
Milner-Brown HS, Stein RB, Yemm R. J
Physiol. 1973 Apr;230(2):371-90.
Milner-Brown HS, Stein RB, Yemm R. J
Physiol. 1973 Apr;230(2):359-70.
HETTINGER T, MULLER EA. Arbeitsphysiologie.
1953;15(2):111-26.
Lejeune,
M.P., Kovacs, et al, Br. J. Nutr. 93 (2):281-289. 2005
Int. J. Obes. Relat.
Metab. Disord. 28(1):57-64. 2004.
Plantenga,
M.S. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care. 2003; 6(6):635-638. 2003.
Larsson
,
SC
Consumption
of sugar and sugar sweetened foods and the risk of pancreatic cancer. Amer. J
Clin. Nutr. 2006 Nov:84(5:171-6).
American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 85, No. 5, 1203-1211, May 2007
Effects
of a Low–Glycemic Load vs Low-Fat Diet in Obese Young Adults
A
Randomized Trial
Cara
B. Ebbeling, PhD; Michael M. Leidig, RD; Henry A. Feldman, PhD; Margaret M.
Lovesky, RD; David S. Ludwig, MD, PhD
JAMA. 2007;297:2092-2102.
Enhancement
of fat metabolism by repeated bouts of moderate endurance exercise. Two 30
minute bouts with a 20 minutes rest n between burns more fat than one 60 min.
bout. Goto K, Ishii N, Mizuno A, Takamatsu K. J
Appl Physiol. 2007 Jun;102(6):2158-64. Epub 2007 Feb 22.
JJohn
Berardi U of
Texas
. Fat cells differentiate in to precursor cells that become new cells. John
Prins of U of Queensland says fat cells die off and decrease in number too if
they are not fed for long enough.
Sugar
is more addictive than cocaine:
Chandrashekar J, Hoon MA,
Ryba
NJ
, Zuker CS. (2006) The receptors and cells for mammalian taste. Nature
444: 288–94.
Scott K. (2005)
Taste recognition: food for thought. Neuron 48: 455–64.
Steiner JE. (1979)
Human facial expressions in response to taste and smell stimulation. Adv Child
Dev Behav 13: 257–95.
Drewnowski
A. (1997) Taste preferences and food intake. Annu Rev Nutr 17: 237–53.
Berridge KC. (1996)
Food reward: brain substrates of wanting and liking. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 20:
1–25.
Sclafani A. (2004)
Oral and postoral determinants of food reward. Physiol Behav 81: 773–9.
Mintz SW
(1985)
London
: Penguin Books. Sweetness and power: the place of sugar in modern history.; 274
p.
Popkin BM,
Nielsen SJ. (2003) The sweetening of the world's diet. Obes Res 11:
1325–32.
Pelchat ML. (2002)
Of human bondage: food craving, obsession, compulsion, and addiction. Physiol
Behav 76: 347–52.
Blundell JE,
Gillett A. (2001) Control of food intake in the obese. Obes Res 4:
263S–270S.
Berthoud HR. (2004)
Mind versus metabolism in the control of food intake and energy balance. Physiol
Behav 81: 781–93.
Hill JO, Peters
JC. (1998) Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic. Science
280: 1371–4.
Ulijaszek SJ,
Lofink H. (2006) Obesity in biocultural perspective. Annu Rev Anthropol
35: 337–60.
Malik VS,
Schulze
MB
, Hu FB. (2006) Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a
systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 84: 274–88.
Volkow
ND
, Wise RA. (2005) How can drug addiction help us
understand obesity? Nat Neurosci 8: 555–60.
Kelley AE. (2004)
Memory and addiction: shared neural circuitry and molecular mechanisms. Neuron
44: 161–79.
Levine
AS
, Kotz CM, Gosnell BA. (2003) Sugars: hedonic
aspects, neuroregulation, and energy balance. Am J Clin Nutr 78: 834S–842S.
Hajnal A, Smith
GP, Norgren R. (2004) Oral sucrose stimulation increases accumbens
dopamine in the rat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 286: R31–7.
Mark GP, Blander
DS, Hoebel BG. (1991) A conditioned stimulus decreases extracellular
dopamine in the nucleus accumbens after the development of a learned taste
aversion. Brain Res 551: 308–10.
Di Chiara G,
Imperato A. (1988) Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase
synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85: 5274–8.
Pontieri FE,
Tanda G, Orzi F, Di Chiara G. (1996) Effects of nicotine on the nucleus
accumbens and similarity to those of addictive drugs. Nature 382: 255–7.
Koob GF, Le Moal
M. (2006) The neurobiology of addiction.
San Diego
: Academic press. 490 p.
Wise RA. (2004)
Dopamine, learning and motivation. Nat Rev Neurosci 5: 483–94.
Lieblich I,
Cohen E, Ganchrow JR, Blass EM, Bergmann F. (1983) Morphine tolerance in
genetically selected rats induced by chronically elevated saccharin intake.
Science 221 871–3.
d'Anci KE,
Kanarek RB, Marks-Kaufman R. (1996) Duration of sucrose availability
differentially alters morphine-induced analgesia in rats. Pharmacol Biochem
Behav 54: 693–7.
Rudski JM,
Billington CJ,
Levine
AS.
(1997) A sucrose-based maintenance diet increases sensitivity to
appetite suppressant effects of naloxone. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58: 679–82.
Kanarek RB,
Mathes WF, Heisler LK,
Lima
RP, Monfared LS. (1997) Prior exposure to palatable solutions enhances
the effects of naltrexone on food intake in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 57:
377–81.
Colantuoni
C, Rada P, McCarthy J, Patten C,
Avena
NM
, et al. (2004) Evidence that intermittent, excessive sugar intake causes
endogenous opioid dependence. Obes Res 10: 478–88.
Wang GJ,
Volkow
ND
,
Thanos PK
, Fowler JS. (2004) Similarity between obesity and drug addiction as
assessed by neurofunctional imaging: a concept review. J Addict Dis 23: 39–53.
Wang GJ, Yang J,
Volkow
ND
, Telang F, Ma Y, et al. (2006) Gastric stimulation in obese subjects
activates the hippocampus and other regions involved in brain reward circuitry.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103: 15641–5.
Carroll ME, Lac
ST, Nygaard SL. (1989) A concurrently available nondrug reinforcer
prevents the acquisition or decreases the maintenance of cocaine-reinforced
behavior. Psychopharmacology 97: 23–9.
Carroll ME,
Lac ST.
(1993) Autoshaping i.v. cocaine self-administration in rats: effects of
nondrug alternative reinforcers on acquisition. Psychopharmacology 110: 5–12.
Nutt D, King LA,
Saulsbury W, Blakemore C. (2007) Development of a rational scale to
assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. Lancet 369: 1047–1053.
Ahmed SH, Koob
GF. (1998) Transition from moderate to excessive drug intake: change in
hedonic set point. Science 282: 298–300.
Ahmed SH, Kenny
PJ, Koob GF, Markou A. (2002) Neurobiological evidence for hedonic
allostasis associated with escalating cocaine use. Nat Neurosci 5: 625–6.
Vanderschuren
LJ, Everitt BJ. (2004) Drug seeking becomes compulsive after prolonged
cocaine self-administration. Science 305: 1017–9.
Mateo Y, Budygin
EA, Morgan D, Roberts DC, Jones SR. (2004) Fast onset of dopamine uptake
inhibition by intravenous cocaine. Eur J Neurosci 20: 2838–42.
Williams KL,
Woods JH. (2000) A behavioral economic analysis of concurrent ethanol-
and water-reinforced responding in different preference conditions. Alcohol Clin
Exp Res 24: 980–6.
Herrnstein
RJ. (1970) On the law of effect. J Exp Anal Behav 13: 243–266.
Nader MA,
Woolverton WL. (1991) Effects of increasing the magnitude of an
alternative reinforcer on drug choice in a discrete-trials choice procedure.
Psychopharmacology 105: 169–74.
Negus SS. (2003)
Rapid assessment of choice between cocaine and food in rhesus monkeys: effects
of environmental manipulations and treatment with d-amphetamine and
flupenthixol. Neuropsychopharmacology 28: 919–31.
Aigner TG,
Balster RL. (1978) Choice behavior in rhesus monkeys: cocaine versus
food. Science 201: 534–5.
Woolverton
WL, Balster RL. (1979) The effects of lithium on choice between cocaine
and food in the rhesus monkey. Commun Psychopharmacol 3: 309–18.
Redish AD. (2004)
Addiction as a computational process gone awry. Science 306: 1944–7.
Montague PR,
Hyman SE, Cohen JD. (2004) Computational roles for dopamine in
behavioural control. Nature 431: 760–7.
Robinson TE,
Berridge KC. (2003) Addiction. Annu Rev Psychol 54: 25–53.
Hyman SE, Malenka
RC, Nestler EJ. (2006) Neural mechanisms of addiction: the role of
reward-related learning and memory. Annu Rev Neurosci 29: 565–98.
Robbins TW,
Everitt BJ. (1999) Drug addiction: bad habits add up. Nature 398:
567–70.
Di Chiara G. (1999)
Drug addiction as dopamine-dependent associative learning disorder. Eur J
Pharmacol 375: 13–30.
Kelley AE, Will
MJ, Steininger TL, Zhang M, Haber SN. (2004) Restricted daily consumption
of a highly palatable food (chocolate Ensure(R)) alters striatal enkephalin gene
expression. Eur J Neurosci 18: 2592–8.
Spangler R,
Wittkowski KM, Goddard NL, Avena NM, Hoebel BG, Leibowitz SF. (2004)
Opiate-like effects of sugar on gene expression in reward areas of the rat
brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 124: 134–42.
Kelley AE,
Bakshi VP, Haber SN, Steininger TL, Will MJ, Zhang M. (2002) Opioid
modulation of taste hedonics within the ventral striatum. Physiol Behav 76:
365–77.
Pecina S,
Smith
KS
, Berridge KC. (2006) Hedonic hot spots in the brain. Neuroscientist 12:
500–11.
Ettenberg A,
Geist TD. (1991) Animal model for investigating the anxiogenic effects of
self-administered cocaine. Psychopharmacology 103: 455–61.
Koob GF. (1999)
Stress, corticotropin-releasing factor, and drug addiction. Ann N Y Acad Sci
897: 27–45.
Tinbergen N
(1951)
New York
:
Oxford
University
Press. The study of instinct..
Kilner RM, Noble
DG, Davies NB. (1999) Signals of need in parent-offspring communication
and their exploitation by the common cuckoo. Nature 397: 667–72.
Williams GC
(1966) Princeton:
Princeton
University
Press. Adaptation and natural selection.; 307 p.
Collier G,
Novell K. (1967) Saccharin as a sugar surrogate. J Comp Physiol Psychol
64: 401–8.
Smith JC,
Sclafani A. (2004) Saccharin as a sugar surrogate revisited. Appetite 38:
155–60.
Zittel-Lazarini
A, Cador M, Ahmed SH. (2007) A critical transition in cocaine
self-administration: behavioral and neurobiological implications.
Psychopharmacology 192: 337–46.
Avena
NM
, Rada P, Moise N, Hoebel BG. (2006) Sucrose
sham-feeding on abinge schedule releases accumbens dopamine repeadly and
eliminates the acetylcholine satiety response. Neurosci 139: 813–820.
Di Ciano P,
Coury A, Depoortere RY, Egilmez Y, Lane JD, Emmett-Oglesby MW, Lepiane FG,
Phillips AG, Blaha CD. (1995) Comparison of changes in extracellular
dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens during intravenous
self-administration of cocaine or d-amphetamine. Behav Pharmacol 6: 311–322.
Doyon WM,
Ramachandra V, Samson HH, Czachowski CL, Gonzales RA. (2004) Accumbal
dopamine concentration during operant self-administration of a sucrose or a
novel sucrose with ethanol solution. Alcohol 34: 361–371.
Hajnal A. Personal
communication to Serge Ahmed
Hajnal A,
Norgren R. (2001) Accumbens dopamine mechanisms in sucrose intake. Brain
Res 904: 76–84.
Hajnal A,
Norgren R. (2002) Repeated access to sucrose augments dopamine turnover
in the nucleus accumbens. Neuroreport 13: 2213–2216.
Hajnal A, Smith
GP, Norgren R. (2004) Oral sucrose increases accumbens dopamine in the
rat. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative
physiology 286: R31–R37.
Hemby SE, Co C,
Dworkin SI, Smith JE. (1999) Synergistic elevations in the nucleus
accumbens extracellular dopamine concentrations during self-administration of
cocaine/heroin combinations (speedball) in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Therap 288:
274–280.
Hemby SE, Co C,
Koves TR, Smith JE, Dworkin SI. (1997) Differences in extracellular
dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens during response-dependent and
response-independent cocaine administration in the rat. Psychopharmacology 133:
7–16.
Mark GP, Blander
DS, Hoebel BG. (1991) A conditioned stimulus decreases extracellular
dopamine in the nucleus accumbens after the development of a learned taste
aversion. Brain Res 551: 308–310.
Meil WM, Roll JM,
Grimm JW, Lynch AM, See RE. (1995) Tolerance-like attenuation to
contingent and noncontingent cocaine-induced elevation of extracellular dopamine
in the ventral striatum following 7 days of withdrawal from chronc treatment.
Psychopharmacology 118: 338–346.
Melendez RI,
Rodd-Henricks ZA, Engleman EA, Li TK, McBride WJ, Murphy JM. (2002)
Microdialysis of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of alcohol-preferring (P)
rats during anticipation and operant self-administration of ethanol. Alcohol
Clin Exp Res 26: 318–325.
Pettit HO,
Justice JB. (1991) Effect of dose on cocaine self-administration
behaviour and dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. Brain Res 539: 94–102.
Pontieri FE,
Tanda G, Di Chiara G. (1995) Intravenous cocaine, morphine and
amphetamine preferentially increase extracellular dopamine in the “shell” as
compared with the “core” of the rat nucleus accumbens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U
S A 92: 12304–12308.
Rada P,
Avena
NM
, Hoebel BG. (2005) Daily bingeing on sugar repeatedly releases dopamine
in the nucleus accumbens shell. Neurosci 134: 737–744.
Sizemore GM,
Co C, Smith JE. (2000) Ventral pallidal extracellulaar fluid levels of
dopamine, serotonin, gamma amino butyric acid and glutamate during cocaine
self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology 150: 391–398.
Weiss F,
Lorang
MT
, Bloom FE, Koob GF. (1993) Oral alcohol self-administration stimulates
dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens: genetic and motivational
determinants. J Pharmacol Exp Therap 267: 250–258.
Wise RA,
Newton
P, Leeb K, Burnette B, Pocock D, Justice JB. (1995) Fluctuations in
nucleus accumbens dopamine concentration during intravenous cocaine
self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology 120: 10–20.
Norgren
R, Hajnal A, Mungarndee SS. (2006) Gustatory reward and the nucleus accumbens. Physiol Behav
89: 531–5.
Effects
of excessive long-term exercise on cardiac function and myocyte remodeling in
hypertensive heart failure rats. Schultz RL, Swallow JG, Waters RP, Kuzman JA, Redetzke RA, Said S, de Escobar GM, Gerdes AM.
Cardiovascular
Research Institute,
Sanford
Research/University of
South Dakota
,
1100 East 21st Street
, 7th
Fats
and Meats are Not the Cause of Prostate Cancer International
Journal of Cancer September 15, 2007, Volume 121, Issue 6, Pages 1339-1345
International Journal of Obesity
advance online publication 11 September 2007; doi:
10.1038/sj.ijo.0803712
High-Fat
Diet Disrupts Behavioral and Molecular Circadian Rhythms in Mice. Cell
Metabolism, Volume 6, Issue 5, Pages 414-421 A. Kohsaka, A.
Laposky, K. Ramsey, C. Estrada, C. Joshu, Y. Kobayashi, F. Turek, J. Bass
EPOC:
Murphy,
E. and Swartzkopf, R. 1992 Effect Pf standard set and circuit weight training on
excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. Journal of Applied Sport Science
Research, 6(2), 88-91
Almuzaini,
K.S., Potteiger, J.A., and Green, S.B. 1998. Effects of split exercise sessions
on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and resting metabolic rate. Canadian
Journal of Applied Physiology, 23(5), 433-443.
Borsheim, E. and Bahr, R. 2003. Effect of exercise intensity, duration and mode
on post-exercise oxygen consumption. Sports Medicine, 33(14) 1037-1060.
Bahr, R. and Sejersted, O.M. 1991. Effect of intensity of exercise on excess
post-exercise oxygen consumption. Metabolism, 40(8), 836-841.
Bahr, R., Ingnes,
I.
, Vaage, O., Sejersted, O.M., and Newsholme, E.A. 1987. Effect of duration of
exercise on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. Journal of Applied
Physiology, 62(2), 485-490.
Chad
, K.E. and Wenger, H.A. 1988. The effect of exercise duration on the exercise
and post-exercise oxygen consumption. Canadian Journal of Sport Science, 13(4),
204-207.
Elliot, DL, Goldberg, L and
Kuehl
,
KS
. 1992. Effect of resistance training on excess post-exercise oxygen
consumption. Journal of Applied Sprt Science Research, 6(2), 77-81.
Frey, G.C, Byrnes, W.C., Mazzeo, R.S. 1993. Factors influencing excess
post-exercise oxygen consumption in trained and untrained women. Metabolism,
42(7), 822-828.
Gilette
,
C.A.
, Bullough, R.C., and Melby, C. 1994. Post-exercise energy expenditure in
response to acute aerobic or resistive exercise. International Journal of Sports
Nutrition, 4, 347-360.
Gore, C.J. and Withers, R.T. 1990. The effect of exercise intensity and duration
on the oxygen deficit and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. European
Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 60(3), 169-174.
Elliot, D.L., Goldberg, L., and Kuehl, K.S. 1988. Does aerobic conditioning
cause a sustained increase in metabolic rate? American Journal of Medicine and
Science, 296(4), 249-251.
Kaminsky,
L.A.
, Padjen, S. and LaHam-Saeger, J. 1990. Effect of split exercise sessions on
excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. British Journal of Sports Medicine,
24(2), 95-98.
Kaminsky,
L.A.
and Whaley, M.H. 1993. Effect of interval type exercise on excess post-exercise
oxygen consumption (EPOC) in obese and normal-weight women. Medicine in
Exercise, Nutrition and Health, 2, 106-111.
Laforgia, J., Withers, R.T.,
Shipp
,
N.J.
, and Gore, C.J. 1997. Comparison of exercise expenditure elevations after
submaximal and supramaximal running. Journal of Applied Physiology, 82(2),
661-666.
Maehlum, S., Grandmontagne, M., Newsholme, E.A., and Sejersted, O.M. 1986.
Magnitude and duration of excess post exercise oxygen consumption in healthy
young subjects. Metabolism, 35(5), 425-429.
Murphy, E. and Swartzkopf, R. 1992. Effects of standard set and circuit weight
training on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. Journal of Applied Sport
Science Research, 6(2), 88-91.
Phelian, J.F, Reinke, E.,
Harris
, M.A. and Melby, C.L. 1997. Post-exercise energy expenditure and substrate
oxidation in young women resulting from exercise bouts of different intensity.
Journal of the
American
College
of Nutrition, 16(2), 140-146.
Quinn, T.J., Vroman, N.B., and Kertzer, R. 1994. Post-exercise oxygen
consumption in trained females: effect of exercise duration. Medicine and
Science in Sports and Exercise, 26(7), 908-913.
Sedlock, D.A. 1992. Post-exercise energy expenditure after cycle ergometer and
treadmill exercise. Journal of Applied Sport Science Research, 6(1), 19-23.
Sedlock, D.A., Fissinger, J.A., and Melby, C.L. 1989. Effect of exercise
intensity and duration on post-exercise energy expenditure. Medicine and Science
in Sports and Exercise, 21(6), 662-666.
Short, K.R. and D.A. Sedlock. 1997. Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and
recovery rate in trained and untrained subjects. Journal of Applied Physiology,
83(1), 153-159.
Smith, J. and McNaughton, L. 1993. The effects of intensity of exercise on
excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and energy expenditure in moderately
trained men and women. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 67, 420-425.
Thornton
, M.K. and Potteiger, J.A. 2002. Effects of resistance exercise bouts of
different intensities but equal work on EPOC. Medicine and Science in Sports and
Exercise, 34(4), 715-722.
Withers, R.T., Gore, C.J., Mackay, M.H., and
Berry
, M.N. 1991. Some aspects of metabolism following a 35 km road run. European
Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 63(6), 436-443.
Vit
D slows aging: Amer. J of Clin Nutr. 86(5), 1376-1383, November, 2007.
Maridakis V, O'Connor PJ, Dudley GA, McCully KK. J
Pain. 2007 Mar;8(3):237-43. Epub 2006 Dec 11
Motl RW, O'Connor PJ, Dishman RK.
J
Pain. 2003 Aug;4(6):316-21
Am
J Clin Nutr. 2007 Oct;86(4):1210-8 Dietary carbohydrate and the progression of age-related macular
degeneration: a prospective study from the Age-Related Eye Disease Study. Chiu CJ, Milton RC, Klein R, Gensler G, Taylor A.
Int
J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Jul;28(7):933-5 A
Pavlovian approach to the problem of obesity. Artificial sweeteners block
ability of body to tell how many calories it has eaten and cause overeating. Davidson TL, Swithers SE.
Kravitz, L. et al
Exercise mode and gender comparisons of energy expenditure at self-selected
intensities. Med. And Sci. in Sports and Exer. 29(8):1028-1035, 1997.
Hagerman,
F.C. et al A comparison of energy
expenditure during rowing and cycle ergometry. Med and Sci in Sp. And Ex. 20(5):
479-488, 1988.
Zeni,
A.I. et al Energy Expenditure with
indoor exercise machines. JAMA 275 (18): 1424-1427, 1996a.
Andersen,
LL, et al. The effect of resistance training combined with timed ingestion of
protein on muscle fiber size and muscle strength. Metabolism 54(2):151-156, 2005
Bird,
SP, et al. Independent and combined effects of liquid carbohydrate/essential
amino acid ingestion on hormonal and muscular adaptations following resistance
exercise in untrained men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006.
1: Br
J Nutr. 2004 Jun;91(6):951-8.
Bolocofsky,
David N.; Spinler, Dwayne; Coulthard-Morris, Linda (1985).
Effectiveness of
hypnosis as an adjunct to behavioral weight management.
Journal of Clinical
Psychology, 41 (1), 35-41.
Cochrane,
Gordon; Friesen, J. (1986).
Hypnotherapy in weight loss treatment.
Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 489-492.
Kirsch,
Irving
(1996).
Hypnotic enhancement of cognitive-behavioral weight loss
treatments--Another meta-reanalysis.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 64 (3), 517-519.
The
National Weight Control Registry Research Findings:
Klem,
M.L., Wing, R.R., McGuire, M.T., Seagle, H.M., & Hill, J.O. A descriptive
study of individuals successful at long-term maintenance of substantial weight
loss. American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition, 1997, 66,
239-246.
Read
the abstract
Shick,
S.M., Wing, R.R., Klem, M.L., McGuire, M.T., Hill, J.O., & Seagle, H.
Persons successful at long-term weight loss and maintenance continue to consume
a low calorie, low fat diet. Journal of
the American Dietetic Association, 1998, 98, 408-413.
Read
the abstract
McGuire, M.T., Wing, R.R., Klem, M.L., Seagle, H.M., & Hill, J.O. Long-term
maintenance of weight loss: Do people who lose weight through various weight
loss methods use different behaviors to maintain their weight? International
Journal of Obesity, 1998, 22,
572-577.
Read
the abstract
Klem,
M.L., Wing, R.R., McGuire, M.T., Seagle, H.M., & Hill, J.O. Psychological
symptoms in individuals successful at long-term maintenance of weight loss. Health
Psychology, 1998, 17,
336-345.
Read
the abstract
Wyatt
H.R., Grunwald G.K., Seagle H.M., Klem M.L., McGuire M.T., Wing R.R. and Hill
J.O. (1999). Resting energy expenditure in reduced-obese subjects in the
National Weight Control Registry. American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69,
1189-1193.
Read
the abstract
McGuire, M.T., Wing, R.R., Klem, M.L., Lang, W., and Hill, J.O. What predicts
weight regain among a group of successful weight losers? (1999). Journal
of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 67,
177-185.
Read
the abstract
Klem,
M.L., Wing, R.R., Chang, C.H., Lang, W., McGuire, M.T., Sugerman, H.J.,
Hutchison, S.L., Makovich, A.L., and Hill, J.O. (2000). A case-control study of
successful maintenance of a substantial weight loss: Individuals who lost weight
through surgery versus those who lost weight through non-surgical means. International
Journal of Obesity, 24: 573-579.
Read
the abstract
Klem,
M.L., Wing, R.R., Lang, W., McGuire, M.T., and Hill, J.O. (2000). Does weight
loss maintenance become easier over time? Obesity Research, 8: 438-444.
Read
the abstract
Wyatt
HR, Grunwald OK, Mosca CL, Klem ML, Wing RR, Hill JO (2002). Long-term weight
loss and breakfast in subjects in the National Weight Control Registry. Obesity
Research; 10:78-82.
Read
the abstract
Gorin
AA, Phelan S, Wing RR, Hill JO. Promoting long-term weight control: does dieting
consistency matter? International
Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders. 2004 Feb;
28(2):278-81.
Read
the abstract
Raynor, H., Wing, R.R., Phelan, S. (2005) Amount of food group variety consumed
in the diet and long-term weight loss maintenance. Obesity Research, May;13(5):883-890.
Read
the abstract
Gorin,
A., Phelan, S., Hill J., Wing, R.R. (2004) Medical triggers are associated with
better short- and long-term weight loss outcomes. Preventive Medicine, Sep;39(3):612-16.
Read
the abstract
Phelan, S., Wing, R.R., Hill, J., Dibello, J. (2003). Recovery from
relapse among successful weight maintainers. American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 78(6):1079-1084.
Phelan,
S., Wyatt, H., Hill, J., Wing, R.R. (2006) Are the Eating and Exercise Habits of
Successful Weight Losers Changing? Obesity Research, April;14(4):710-716
Raynor,
D., Phelan, S., Hill, J., Wing, R.R. (2006) Television Viewing and Long-Term
Weight Maintenance: Results from the National Weight Control Registry. Obesity
Research, Oct;14(10):1816-1824
Phelan
S, Roberts M, Lang W, Wing RR (2007). Empirical Evaluation of Physical Activity Recommendations for Weight Control in Women. Medicine
& Science in Sports & Exercise; 39(10):1832-1836.
Phelan S, Wyatt H, DiBello J, Fava JL, Hill JO, Wing RR (2007).
Three-Year Weight Change in Successful Weight Losers Who Lost Weight in a Low-Carbohydrate Diet. Obesity;
15 (10): 2470-77.
Niemeier HM, Phelan S, Fava JL, Wing RR (2007). Internal
Disinhibition Predicts Weight Regain Following Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance. Obesity;
15 (10):2485-94.
Frestedt
JL, Zenk JL, Kuskowski MA, Ward LS, Bastian ED. Nutr Metab (Lond).
2008 Mar 27;5:8.
Eating
breakfast helps sustain weight loss. AAOHN J. 2006 Mar;54(3):136.
Masheb
RM, Grilo CM. Eating patterns and breakfast consumption in obese
patients with binge eating disorder.
Behav
Res Ther. 2006 Nov;44(11):1545-53.
Epub 2005 Dec 22.
Vander
Wal JS, Marth JM, Khosla P, Jen KL, Dhurandhar NV.
Short-term
effect of eggs on satiety in overweight and obese subjects.
J
Am Coll Nutr. 2005 Dec;24(6):510-5.
Lejeune
MP, Kovacs EM, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Additional protein intake
limits weight regain after weight loss in humans. Br J Nutr. 2005 Feb;93(2):281-9.
Layman
DK. Protein quantity and quality at levels above the RDA improves
adult weight loss. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Dec;23(6
Suppl):631S-636S.
Johnston
CS, Day CS, Swan PD. Postprandial thermogenesis is increased 100% on
a high-protein, low-fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in
healthy, young women. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002 Feb;21(1):55-61.
Gluck
ME, Geliebter A, Satov T. Night eating syndrome is associated with
depression, low self-esteem, reduced daytime hunger, and less weight loss in
obese outpatients. Obes Res. 2001 Apr;9(4):264-7.
Monneuse
MO, Bellisle F, Koppert G. Eating habits, food and health related
attitudes and beliefs reported by French students. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997 Jan;51(1):46-53.
Marín-Guerrero
AC, Gutiérrez-Fisac JL, Guallar-Castillón P, Banegas JR, Rodríguez-Artalejo
F. Eating behaviours and obesity in the adult population of Spain. Croezen
S, Visscher TL, Ter Bogt NC, Veling ML, Haveman-Nies A.
The
most important risk factor for overweight and obesity was skipping breakfast.
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition advance online publication, 28 November
2007; doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602950.
Vanelli
M, Iovane B, Bernardini A, Chiari G, Errico MK, Gelmetti C, Corchia M, Ruggerini
A, Volta E, Rossetti S; Students of the Post-Graduate School of Paediatrics,
University of Parma.
Breakfast
habits of 1,202 northern Italian children admitted to a summer sport school.
Breakfast skipping is associated with overweight and obesi
Magalie
Lenoir,
Fuschia Serre,
Lauriane Cantin, Serge H. Ahmed
University
Bordeaux
2, Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS, UMR 5227,
Bordeaux
,
France
Citation:
Lenoir
M, Serre F, Cantin L, Ahmed SH (2007)
Intense Sweetness Surpasses Cocaine
Reward.
Journal of Applied Physiology April 2008; 104(4):1121-8
J
Appl Physiol. 2007 Jun;102(6):2158-64. Epub 2007 Feb 22.
Goto K, Ishii N, Mizuno A, Takamatsu K.
J Appl Physiol 102: 1439-1447, 2007. First published December 14, 2006;
doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01098.2006
8750-7587/07
Caffeine and athletic performance:
1.
Ahrens, J.N., S.H. Crixell, L.K. Lloyd, and J.L. Walker. The physiological
effects of caffeine in women during treadmill walking. J. Strength Cond. Res. 21:164-168. 2007.
2.
Antonio, J. Caffeine: The forgotten ergogenic aid. Strength Cond. J. 26:50-51. 2004.
3.
Armstrong, L.E., D.J. Casa, C.M. Maresh, and M.S. Ganio. Caffeine,
fluid-electrolyte balance, temperature regulation, and exercise-heat tolerance. Exerc.
Sport Sci Rev. 35:135-140. 2007.
4.
Bell
, D.G., & T.M. McLellan. Effect of repeated caffeine ingestion on repeated
exhaustive exercise endurance. Med.
Sci. Sports Exerc. 35:1348-1354. 2003.
5.
Birnbaum, L.J., & J.D. Herbst. Physiologic effects of caffeine on
cross-country runners. J. Strength
Cond. Res. 18:463-465. 2004.
6.
Bruce, C.R.,
Anderson
,
M.E.
, Fraser, S.F., Stepto, N.K., Klein, R.,
Hopkins
, W.G., & J.A. Hawley. Enhancement of 2000-m rowing performance after
caffeine ingestion. Med. Sci. Sports
Exerc. 32:1958-1963. 2000.
7.
Butts, N.K., & D. Crowell. Effect of caffeine ingestion on cardiorespiratory
endurance in men and women. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 56:301-305. 1985.
8.
Costill, D.L., G.P. Dalsky, and W.J. Fink. Effects of caffeine ingestion on
metabolism and exercise performance. Med.
Sci. Sports Exerc ., 10:155-158. 1978.
9. Foltz, E., A. Ivy, & C. Barborka. The use of double work periods in the
study of fatigue and the influence of caffeine on recovery. American
Journal of Physiology , 136:79-86. 1942.
10.
Foltz, E., A. Ivy, & C. Barborka. The influence of amphetamine (Benzedrine)
sulfate, D-desoxyephedrine hydrochloride (Pervitan), and caffeine upon work
output and recovery when rapidly exhausting work is done by trained subjects. Journal
of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine , 28:603-606. 1943.
11.
Graham, T.E. Caffeine and exercise: Metabolism, endurance and performance. Sports
Med . 31:786-807. 2001.
12.
Graham, T.E., & L.L. Spriet. Caffeine and exercise performance. Gatorade
Sports Science Institute: Sports
Science Exchange , 9:60-64. 1996.
13.
Graham, T.E. and L.L. Spriet. Performance and metabolic responses to a high
caffeine dose during prolonged exercise. J.
Appl. Physiol . 71:2292-2298. 1991.
14.
Hoffman, J.R., J. Kang, N.A. Ratamess, P.F. Jennings, G.T. Mangine, and A.D.
Faigenbaum. Effect of nutritionally enriched coffee consumption on aerobic and
anaerobic exercise performance. J.
Strength Cond. Res. 21:456-459. 2007.
15.
Ivy, J.L., D.L. Costill, W.J. Fink, and R.W. Lower. Influence of caffeine and
carbohydrate feedings on endurance performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc ., 11:6-11. 1978.
16.
Kalmar
, J.M., and E. Cafarelli. Effects of caffeine on neuromuscular function. J.
Appl. Physiol . 87:801-808. 1999.
17.
Lopes, J.M., M. Aubier, J. Jardim, J.V. Aranda, and P.T. Macklem. Effect of
caffeine on skeletal muscle function before and after fatigue. J.
Appl. Physiol . 54:1303-1305. 1983.
18.
Malek, M.H., T.J. Housh, J.W. Coburn, T.W. Beck, R.J. Schmidt, D.J. Housh, and
G.O. Johnson. Effects of eight weeks of caffeine supplementation and endurance
training on aerobic fitness and body composition. J. Strength Cond. Res . 20:751-755. 2006.
19.
McArdle, W.D., F.I. Katch, and V.L. Katch. Exercise physiology: energy, nutrition, and human performance
(fifth edition).
Baltimore
,
MD
: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2001. p. 564-568.
20.
McArdle, W.D., F.I. Katch, and V.L. Katch. Sports and exercise nutrition .
Baltimore
,
MD
: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1999. p. 321-326.
21.
National Collegiate Athletic Association. NCAA Banned-Drug Classes 2004-2005.
Available at: http://www1.ncaa.org/membership/ed_outreach/health-safety/drug_testing/banned_drug_classes.pdf.
22.
Spriet, L.L. Caffeine. In: Performance-Enhancing
Substances in Sport and Exercise . M.S. Bahrke and C.E. Yesalis, eds.
Champaing
,
IL
: Human Kinetics, 2002. p. 267-278.
23.
Weir, J., T.D. Noakes, K. Myburgh, and B. Adams. A high carbohydrate diet
negates the metabolic effect of caffeine during exercise. Med.
Sci. Sports Exerc ., 19:100-105. 1987.
24.
Williams, J.H. Caffeine, neuromuscular function and high-intensity exercise
performance. J. Sports Med. Phys.
Fitness 31:481-489. 1991.
Protein
right after a workout for optimal absorption:
1.
American
College
of Sports Medicine. ACSM's Guidelines
for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 7th ed. Lipincott, Williams and
Wilkins:
Philadelphia
,
Pa.
, 2006.
2.
Arciero, P.J., et al. Increased dietary protein and combined high-intensity
aerobic and resistance exercise improves body fat distribution and
cardiovascular risk factors. International
Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 16(4): 373-392, 2006.
3.
Campbell
, W.W., et al. Increased energy requirements and changes in body composition
with resistance training in older adults. American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60(2): 167-175, 1994.
4.
Cribb, P.J., and A. Hayes. Effects of supplement timing and resistance exercise
on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Medicine
& Science in Sports & Exercise 38(11): 1918-1925, 2006.
5.
Dreyer, H.C., and E. Volpi. Role of protein and amino acids in the
pathophysiology and treatment of sarcopenia. Journal of the
American
College
of Nutrition 24(2): 140S-145, 2005.
6.
Elliot, T.A., et al. Milk ingestion stimulates net muscle protein synthesis
following resistance exercise. Medicine
& Science in Sports & Exercise 38(4): 667-674, 2006.
7.
Esmarck, B., et al. Timing of postexercise protein intake is important for
muscle hypertrophy with resistance training in elderly humans. The
Journal of Physiology 535(Pt 1): 301-311, 2001.
8.
Forbes, G.B., and E. Halloran. The adult decline in lean body mass. Human
Biology 48(1): 161-173, 1976.
9.
Keys, A., H.L. Taylor and F. Grande. Basal metabolism and age of adult man. Metabolism
22(4): 579-587, 1973.
10.
Phillips, S.M., et al. Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after
resistance exercise in humans. American
Journal of Physiology 273(1 Pt 1): E99-107, 1997.
11.
Pratley, R., et al. Strength training increases resting metabolic rate and
norepinephrine levels in healthy 50- to 65-year-old men. Journal
of Applied Physiology 76(1): 133-137, 1994.
12.
Tipton, K.D., and R.R. Wolfe. Exercise, protein metabolism and muscle growth. International
Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 11(1): 109-132, 2001.
13.
Westcott, W., and T. Baechle. Strength
Training Past 50, 2nd ed. Human Kinetics:
Champaign
,
Ill.
, 2007.
14.
Westcott, W., and J. Guy. A Physical Evolution. IDEA Today Vol. 14: 58-65, 1996.
15.
Westcott, W., and G. Reinl. Get
Stronger, Feel Younger Rodale:
New York
,
N.Y.
, 2007.
16.
Westcott, W., and R. Winett. Applying the ACSM guidelines. FMY
Vol. 22.: 40-43, 2006.
Scierntific Evidence Support for Proper Hydration in
fitness, fat loss and health:
Ganio MS, Casa DJ, Armstrong LE, Maresh CM.
Influence of Hydration and Electrolyte Supplementation on Incidence
and Time to Onset of Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps.
J
Athl Train. 2005 Jun;40(2):71-75
Jung AP, Bishop PA, Al-Nawwas A, Dale RB.
Hydration and cognition: a critical review and recommendations for
future research.
J
Am Coll Nutr. 2007 Oct;26(5 Suppl):555S-561S
Lieberman HR.
Dehydration and cognitive performance.
J
Am Coll Nutr. 2007 Oct;26(5 Suppl):549S-554S.
Grandjean AC, Grandjean NR.
Hydration and disease.
J
Am Coll Nutr. 2007 Oct;26(5 Suppl):535S-541S.
Manz F.
Hydration and cognitive function in children.
Nutr
Rev. 2006 Oct;64(10 Pt 1):457-64.
D'Anci KE, Constant F, Rosenberg IH.
The effect of voluntary dehydration on cognitive functions of
elementary school children.
Acta
Paediatr. 2005 Nov;94(11):1667-73.
Bar-David Y, Urkin J, Kozminsky E.
The importance of good hydration for day-to-day health. Ritz P, Berrut G.
Nutr
Rev. 2005 Jun;63(6 Pt 2):S6-13.
Koulmann N, Banzet S, Bigard AX.
Physical activity in the heat: physiology of hydration
recommendations
Med
Trop (Mars). 2003;63(6):617-26.
Maughan RJ, Shirreffs SM, Watson P.
Exercise, heat, hydration and the brain.
J
Am Coll Nutr. 2007 Oct;26(5 Suppl):604S-612S.
Murray B.
Hydration and physical performance.
J
Am Coll Nutr. 2007 Oct;26(5 Suppl):542S-548S.
cancer
of the urinary bladder was reduced significantly by a high fluid
intake (2.5 liters or more) Michaud, DS, Spiegelman D,
Clinton
SK
, Rimm EB, Curhan GC, Willett WC, and Giovannucci EL. Fluid intake and the risk
of bladder cancer in men. N Engl J Med
340: 1390-1397, 1999 (Commentaries. N
Engl J Med 340: 1424-1426, 1999 and 341: 847-848, 1999.)
A
similar correlation has been reported for colorectal cancer and premalignant
adenomatous polyps Lubin, F, Rozen P, Arieli B, Farbstein M, Knaani Y, Bat L,
and Farbstein H. Nutritional and lifestyle habits and water-fiber interaction in
colorectal adenoma etiology. Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6: 79-85, 1997 AND Shannon, J, White E,
Shattuck AL, and Potter JD. Relationship of food groups and water intake to
colon cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 5: 495-502, 1996 AND Tang, R, Wang JY, Lo SK, and Hsieh
LL. Physical activity, water intake and risk of colorectal cancer in Taiwan: a
hospital-based case-control study. Int
J Cancer 82: 484-489, 1999
women
who drank five or more glasses of water per day (1,185 ml or
more) reduced their risk of fatal coronary heart disease by ~41%
compared with women who drank two glasses or less (474 ml or
less). The comparable figure in men was 54% less risk. The effect was
limited to water; in fact, the drinking of "fluids other than
water" (coffee, tea, juices, soft drinks) appeared to increase
the risk of fatal coronary heart disease. Chan, J, Knutsen SF, Blix
GG, Lee JW, and Fraser GE. Water, other fluids, and fatal coronary heart
disease. The Adventist Health Study. Am
J Epidemiol 155: 827-833, 2002
prevention
of other diseases, conditions of the urinary system, such as urinary tract
infections: Stamm WE. Cystitis and urethritis. In: Diseases of the Kidney (5th ed.), edited by Schrier RW and
Gottshalk CW. Boston: Little, Brown, 1992, p. 1007-1027. AND and urinary
stones: Borghi, L, Meschi T, Amato F, Briganti A, Novarini A, and Giannini
A. Urinary volume, water and recurrences in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis:
a 5-year randomized prospective study. J Urol 155: 839-843, 1996
Losing weight. There is some evidence, in both women” Lappalainen, R, Mennen L,
van Weert L, and Mykkänen H. Drinking water with a meal: a simple method of
coping with feelings of hunger, satiety and desire to eat. Eur
J Clin Nutr 47: 815-819, 1993 AND men: Rolls, BJ, Castellanos VH, Halford
JC, Kilara A, Panyam D, Pelkman CL, Smith GP, and Thorwart ML. Volume of food
consumed affects satiety in men. Am J
Clin Nutr 67: 1170-1177, 1998
water
drunk along with a meal or water incorporated into food (74,
85)
does promote satiety: Rolls, BJ, Bell EA, and Thorwart ML. Water incorporated
into a food but not served with a food decreases energy intake in lean women. Am
J Clin Nutr 70: 448-455, 1999
: Stookey, JD. Energy density, energy intake and weight status in a large
free-living sample of Chinese adults: exploring the underlying roles of fat,
protein, carbohydrate, fiber and water intakes. Eur J Clin Nutr 55: 349-359, 2001
Benefits
are claimed for fatigue, arthritis, lack of mental alertness, angina,
migraine, hypertension, asthma, dry cough, dry skin, acne, nosebleed,
depression: Water, Water Everywhere. HealthNews
7: 3, 2001. AND: Why is tea healthy? The importance of fluid intake & replacement
[Online]. The Tea Council. http://www.teacouncil.co.uk/tc/content;tea_hel/fluid.htm
AND: McCord, H. Are you drinking too much water? Prevention 53: 62-63, 2001.
Helps
to prevent water retention: Choukroun, G, Schmitt F, Martinez F, Drüeke TB, and
Bankir L. Low urine flow reduces the capacity to excrete a sodium load in
humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp
Physiol 273: R1726-R1733, 1997
Eight
Glasses a Day (or more) For Optimal Health and Dosease Prevention: Boschmann, M.
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and
Metabolism, December 2003; vol. 88: pp. 6015-6019. Leslie Bonci, MPH,
RD,spokeswoman, American Dietetic Association; director, sports nutrition,
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. Daniel Moser, PhD, exercise
physiologist, Elite Health and Wellness,
Philadelphia
.
Studies on proper hydration for sports
performance and hindrance with dehydration: (Int J Neurosci. 2002
Oct;112(10):1191-206), (Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003 Jan;35(1):150-6), (Sports
Med. 2002;32(15):959-71), (J Strength Cond Res. 2001 Nov;15(4):514-8), (J Sci
Med Sport. 2001 Jun;4(2):179-87), (J Am Diet Assoc. 1999 Feb;99(2):207-12), (Int
J Sports Med. 1998 Jun;19 Suppl 2:S133-5), (Sports Med. 1997 Jul;24(1):38-54), (Int
J Sports Med. 1996 Feb;17(2):85-91), (Clin Sports Med. 1995 Jan;14(1):23-32), (Bol
Asoc Med P R. 1990 Aug;82(8):366-8), (Sports Med. 1989 Aug;8(2):80-100).
The
effects of fluid restriction on hydration status and subjective feelings in man.
Shirreffs SM, Merson SJ, Fraser SM, Archer DT. School of Sport and Exercise Sciences,
Loughborough
University
,
Loughborough
LE11 3TU
,
UK
. s.shirreffs@lboro.ac.uk
AMA
Arch Intern Med. 1955 Aug;96(2):142-52. Headache and hydration; the
significance of two varieties of fluid accumulation in patients with vascular
headache of the migraine type.
Trans
Am Neurol Assoc. 1955-1956;(80th Meeting):217-9. Studies
on headache: headache and hydration.
Clin
Sports Med. 2007 Jan;26(1):1-16 Evidence-based approach to lingering hydration questions.
CLA
STUDIES:
Uehara
H, Suganuma T, Negishi S, Uda Y, Furukawa Y, Ueno S, Sato K. Physical properties
of two isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. J. Am. Oil Chem. Sco. 85(1):29-36
(2008).
AbuGhazaleh
AA. Effect of fish oil and sunflower oil supplementation on milk conjugated
linoleic acid content for grazing dairy cows. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.
141(3-4):220-232 (2008).
Park
JHY. Inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by dietary components: role of the
insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system.
Asia
Pacific J. Clin. Nutr. 17:257-260 (Suppl. 1) (2008).
Wallace
RJ. Gut microbiology - broad genetic diversity, yet specific metabolic niches.
Animal 2(5):661-668 (2008).
Wood
JD, Enser M, Fisher AV, Nute GR, Sheard PR,
Richardson
RI
, Hughes SI, Whittington FM. Fat deposition, fatty acid composition and meat
quality: A review. Meat Sci. 78(4):343-358 (2008).
Cherniack
EP. Potential applications for alternative medicine to treat obesity in an aging
population. Alternative Med. Rev. 13(1):34-42 (2008).
Diaz
ML, Watkins BA, Li Y, Anderson RA, Campbell WW. Chromium picolinate and
conjugated linoleic acid do not synergistically influence diet- and
exercise-induced changes in body composition and health indexes in overweight
women. J. Nutr. Biochem. 19(1):61-68 (2008).
Motard-Belanger
A, Charest A, Grenier G, Paquin P, Chouinard Y, Lemieux S, Couture P, Lamarche
B. Study of the effect of trans fatty acids from ruminants on blood lipids and
other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87(3):593-599
(2008).
Sneddon
AA, Tsofliou F, Fyfe CL, Matheson I, Jackson DM, Horgan G, Winzell MS, Wahle
KWJ, Ahren B, Williams LM. Effect of a conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3
fatty acid mixture on body composition and adiponectin. Obesity 16(5):1019-1024
(2008).
Bissonauth
V, Chouinard PY, Marin J, Leblanc N, Richard D, Jacques H. Altered lipid
response in hamsters fed cis-9,trans-11+trans-8,cis-10 conjugated linoleic acid
mixture. Lipids 43(3):251-258 (2008).
Diniz
YS, Santos PP, Assalin HB, Souza GA, Rocha KKHR, Ebaid GMX, Seiva FRF, Amauchi
JF, Novelli Filho JLVB, Novelli ELB. Conjugated linoleic acid and cardiac
health: Oxidative stress and energetic metabolism in standard and sucrose-rich
diets. European J. Pharmacol. 579(1-3):318-325 (2008).
Iqbal
MJ, Higginbotham A, Chickris N, Bollaert M, Rockway S, Banz WJ. A combination of
a CLA-DAG oil modifies the diabetic phenotype in male Zucker diabetic fatty
rats. Hormone Metabolic Res. 40(4):262-268 (2008).
Mandir
N, Goodlad RA. Conjugated linoleic acids differentially alter polyp number and
diameter in the Apc(min/+) mouse model of intestinal cancer. Cell Proliferation
41(2):279-291 (2008).
Yanagita
T, Nagao K. Functional lipids and the prevention of the metabolic syndrome.
Asia
Pacific J. Clin. Nutr. 17:189-191 (Suppl. 1) (2008).
Bauman
DE, Perfield JW, Harvatine KJ, Baumgard LH. Regulation of fat synthesis by
conjugated linoleic acid: Lactation and the ruminant model. J. Nutr.
138(2):403-409 (2008).
Huang
Y, Schoonmaker JP, Bradford BJ,
Beitz
DC
. Response of milk fatty acid composition to dietary supplementation of soy oil,
conjugated linoleic acid, or both. J. Dairy Sci. 91(1):260-270 (2008).
Nagao
K, Inoue N, Ujino Y, Higa K, Shirouchi B, Wang YM, Yanagita T. Effect of leptin
infusion on insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism in diet-induced
lipodystrophy model mice. Lipids Health Dis. 7: art. 8 (2008).
Zhang
HJ, Tian YD, Guo YM, Yuan JM. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid improves
antioxidant capacity in broiler chicks. Brit. Poultry Sci. 49(2):213-221 (2008).
Conjugated linoleic acid: A powerful anticarcinogen from animal fat
sources
Ip
C.; Scimeca J.A.; Thompson H.J.
Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Center Institute, Elm and Carlton
Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
CANCER (USA) , 1994, 74/3 (1050-1054)
Differential stimulatory and inhibitory responses of human MCF-7 breast
cancer cells to linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid in culture
ANTICANCER RES. (
Greece
) , 1992, 12/6 B (2143-2145)
Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses the growth of human breast
adenocarcinoma cells in SCID mice
Anticancer Research (
Greece
) , 1997, 17/2 A (969-973)
Lymphatic recovery, tissue distribution, and metabolic effects of
conjugated lioleic acid in rats
Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry (
USA
) , 1997, 8/1 (38-43)
Proliferative responses of normal human mammary and MCF-7 breast cancer
cells to linoleic acid, conjugated linoleic acid and eicosanoid synthesis
inhibitors in culture
Anticancer Research (
Greece
) , 1997, 17/1 A (197-203)
Effect of timing and duration of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on
mammary cancer prevention
Nutrition and Cancer (
USA
) , 1995, 24/3 (241-247)
2"Impact
of Exercise Intensity on Body Fatness and Skeletal Muscle Metabolism," Metabolism
1994; 43(7): 814-18
Efficacy
of conjugated linoleic acid for reducing fat mass: a meta-analysis in humans
Leah D Whigham, Abigail C Watras and Dale A Schoeller
From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin School
of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI (LDW), and the Department of
Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI (ACW and DAS)
Those
who performed exercise that is more vigorous had a lower risk of death than
those who performed less vigorous exercise. Lee I, et al. Exercise intensity and
longevity in men. The Harvard Alumni Health Study. JAMA.
1995 Apr 19;273(15):1179-84.
Lee I, et al. Relative intensity of physical
activity and risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2003 Mar 4;107(8):1110-6.
4
Weinstein et al. “The joint effects of physical activity and body mass index
on coronary heart disease risk in women.” Archives of Internal Medicine.
168:884-890.
Journal
of Epidemiology and Community Health, Vol. 61, No. 6, June 2007: 513-518]
J Appl Physiol 102: 1439-1447, 2007. First published December 14, 2006